INS and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: One of the novel findings in this paper is that insulin+hCG-treated rats exhibit the hallmarks of metabolic syndrome and hepatic cell damage, including increased body and liver weight, increased circulating FFA, TG, fasting insulin, and ALT levels, and decreased circulating HDL-C levels, all of which are consistent with the metabolic and liver dysfunction pattern seen in hyperandrogenic PCOS patients with NAFLD [38–40] and in DHT-induced PCOS-like rodents [9, 41].