In order to understand whether the riok-1-p38 MAPK pathway is a universal mechanism against bacterial infection, resistance to different bacterial species, including Salmonella typhimurium (38, 39), enterohemorrhagic E. coli (26), and P. aeruginosa (23, 40, 41), which have been reported to activate the p38 MAPK pathway in C. elegans, was studied. Here, RIOK1 is linked to bacterial infectious disease.