In the BMSC group, these immune changes after cerebral ischemia, that is, a decrease in CD8α+ cells, an increase in TUNEL+ cells, tissue atrophy in the lymphoid organs, and a decrease in Iba1+ macrophages at 14 days in the thymus, were dramatically suppressed (Figs. 5c, d and 6). Here, AIF1 is linked to brain ischemia.