TNF and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Selected cytokines (IL4, IL6, IL10, and TNFα) and other soluble markers of immune activation [soluble TNF receptor 1 (sTNF-R1), sTNF-R2, CRP, and sCD27] were measured in PLCO in a study of 297 incident NHL cases and 297 individually matched controls (52), finding NHL risk in this study was positively associated with sTNF-R1 (Ptrend = 0.02) and sCD27 (Ptrend < 0.0001) (52).