IGFBP4 and myocardial ischemia: In patients with stable cardiovascular disease, Schulz et al. [26] found that CT- and NT-IGFBP4 levels failed to predict any long-term outcomes, whereas Postnikov et al. [25] found that in patients with symptoms of myocardial ischemia but without ST-segment elevation, both NT- and CT-IGFBP-4 were strong predictors of major adverse cardiac events and more recently, Hjortebjerg et al. [12] found that IGFBP-4 fragments were associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality and major adverse cardiac events in patients with STEMI.