INS and Familial prostate cancer: Although there are no other studies examining the effect of carnosol on AMPK in any other insulin-target tissue, our data are in agreement with a study in prostate cancer cells (PC3) that found an increase in AMPK activation and inhibition of its downstream effector mTOR/p70 S6K/4E-BP1 pathway by carnosol (10–70 μM) [45].