HSF1 and cancer: In many cancers, HSF1 is activated and it has been shown that HSF1 overexpression promotes aneuploidy and malignant phenotypes as cells become addicted to the cytoprotection it confers.59 Specifically, high HSF1 pS326 levels correlate with poor patient prognosis in several cancers.60 Cancer cells have elevated HSF1 and heat shock protein levels due to the increased levels of mutant proteins, which require stabilization through these chaperoning machineries.