GFAP and brain injury: Elevations in protein-based biomarkers including tau protein, neurofilament light polypeptide (NF-L), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), S100-beta, aII-Spectrin N-terminal fragment, and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 have been observed in concussion patients across ages, injury mechanisms, and occupations, indicating their immense utility in concussion diagnosis (8–15).