INS and Hyperinsulinemia: Chronic high-carbohydrate and high-calorie diets can interfere with insulin signaling through the development of hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, leading to pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, and through changes in expression of adipose-derived adipokines, which interfere with target organ insulin signaling (Hotamisligil et al., 1993; Kim et al., 2001; Bastard et al., 2002; Howard and Flier, 2006).