TNF and Alzheimer disease: APOE plays a regulatory role in inflammatory signalling in APCsand there is some evidence to suggest that the APOE ε4 allele is associated with higher levels of PIC productionby LPS-activated macrophages via upregulation of NF-κB transcription resultingin increased levels of TNF-α and IL-1 with a concomitant reduction in IL-10,which is of interest given the probable role of translocated LPS in theaetiology of peripheral inflammation in AD discussed above [109, 110].