In addition, cultured bovine and caprine mammary epithelial cells have been shown to express TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA, and responses of mammary epithelial cells to stimulation with bacterial cell wall components, or other agents with the potential to cause mastitis, such as Prototheca spp., result in elaboration of a plethora of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators [54, 55]. The gene discussed is TLR4; the disease is mastitis.