In preclinical studies and clinical trials involving brain tumours, hepatocellular carcinoma, colon or lung cancers, intratumoural injection of HSP70, upregulation of HSP70 within the tumour or the use of selective HSP70 peptides for ex vivo stimulation of immune cells, stimulated potent anti-tumour immune responses [22–25]. This evidence concerns the gene HSPA1A and brain neoplasm.