Indeed, several recent studies described a significant increased density of both effector (CD4/CD8) and regulatory (Foxp3) tumour infiltrating T lymphocytes in HPV-positive compared to HPV-negative SCC and highlighted the predictive value of CD4/CD8 infiltrates.49 These latter results and those reported in the present article are supportive of the dozen ongoing clinical trials evaluating immune-checkpoint inhibitors in the setting of HPV-positive cancers. The gene discussed is CD4; the disease is cancer.