SMAD7 and infection: Ad-Smads2/3/4 infections also increased the mRNA expression of adipose lipolytic genes, including hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), and beta-3 adrenergic receptor (ADRB3), in a MPK38 phosphorylation-dependent manner, whereas Ad-Smad7 infection decreased the expression of these genes (Supplementary Fig. 3b).