Macrophages are reported to be present in cNF and are abundant in pNFs.23,26,82,83 While the associations between macrophages and both NF1-associated mouse and human pNFs has been investigated, similar studies have not yet been performed in cNF.26,83 A genomics-focused approach may help to address the potential associations between the microenvironment, mutation burden and tumour growth. The gene discussed is NPHS1; the disease is neoplasm.