Interestingly, in pre-clinical studies, the concomitant adenoviral delivery of TGF-β1 and VEGF-A165a results in exaggerated pulmonary fibrosis, but attenuation of pulmonary artery remodelling and pulmonary hypertension, compared to TGF-β1 alone [110], highlighting the complicated role that VEGF-A may play in the lung, with potentially opposing effects of VEGF-A in different lung compartments existing concurrently. Here, VEGFA is linked to pulmonary fibrosis.