Both VEGF-A blockade [42,68,69,70] and VEGF-A overexpression [71] have been reported to result in an emphysema phenotype in pre-clinical models, suggesting tight regulation of VEGF-A expression as part of lung homeostasis, whilst others have observed the development of pulmonary oedema secondary to VEGF-A overexpression [72]. The gene discussed is VEGFA; the disease is pulmonary emphysema.