TNF and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: We also examined the involvement of the NF-κB signaling pathway in the effects of TNF-α on expression of SCF, ghrelin, and substance P. Results revealed that TNF-α decreased ICC viability, increased apoptosis, increased IL-1β and IL-6 levels, and decreased SCF, ghrelin, and substance P levels by activating the NF-κB signaling pathway.