TNF and hepatitis A virus infection: Although the risks of immunosuppressive therapy in HBsAg+ patients are better known and hundreds of cases of HBV reactivation in HBsAg+ carriers treated with TNF inhibitors have been reported, estimated risks of hepatitis due to HBV reactivation vary widely, likely due to relatively small sample sizes, lack of prospective data, different immune-mediated diseases being evaluated between studies, and confounding effects of other immunosuppressants, such as corticosteroids [12, 14, 15, 23, 28–30].