HSPA5 and infection: BHK-21 cells were pre-incubated with antibodies against the N- or C-terminal domains of GRP78, followed by TMUV infection as described in Section “Materials and Methods.” Viral RNA level was significantly lower in N-terminal GRP78 antibody treated cells compared with non-specific rabbit IgG treated cells, suggesting the N-terminal GRP78 antibody had a significantly reduced (50%) virus binding.