Other possible sources of antigen-stimulated TGF-β have been reported and include epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and immune-associated cells such as macrophages and eosinophils.51 Regulatory B cells from schistosome patients also produce IL-1052 as can CD8 + cells IL-1053 and should perhaps be further investigated in schistosomiasis. Here, TGFB1 is linked to schistosomiasis.