PLOD1 and Azoospermia: The main outcomes included: testicular volume, testicular resistivity index, serum FSH, serum testosterone, serum LH, semen volume, concentration, motility, α-glucosidase, morphology, peak systolic velocity, end diastolic velocity, pulsatility index, and obstructive azoospermia with a follow-up from six to 36 months.