CSF1R and Alzheimer disease: While the use of these agents is limited in experimental TBI studies, several groups have reported that microglial elimination [via colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibition] improves behavioral performance and synaptic functioning independent of Aβ accumulation in multiple transgenic mouse models of AD (3xTg, 5xFAD, APP/PS1) (236–238).