In a cohort of patients surgically treated for LUTS/BPH being LTF clearly puts patients at risk of potentially missing an early diagnoses of prostate cancer due to the interruption of PSA screenings and urological examinations, and of a gradual decline in micturition and QoL due to undiagnosed long-term procedure-related events, which may occur in about 2–10% of these patients4. Here, KLK3 is linked to benign prostatic hyperplasia.