IDO1 and cancer: For patients with earlier stage cancer (stage 2; too fewer stage 1 patients to be included), lower IDO1 expression was associated with better survival (Fig. 1e, right panel, P < 0.001); IDO1 expression was much higher in those patients who had already died (n = 18, mean overall survival = 7 months) than in patients who were still alive (n = 32, mean overall survival = 10 months, Fig. 1f).