ATM exists in two different cellular pools: (i) nuclear ATM, involved in DNA repair and (ii) cytoplasmic ATM, which acts as a ROS sensor and an activator of the tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2) tumour suppressor by signalling to LKB1 and AMPK to relieve mTORC1 repression of autophagy [82]. This evidence concerns the gene ATM and neoplasm.