Besides, in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, cancer cells secrete colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) to attract and stimulate CSF1 receptor- (CSF1R-) expressing TAM to express high levels of cytidine deaminase (CDA), an intracellular enzyme which catabolizes the bioactive form of gemcitabine and therefore protects the cancer cells from the chemotherapy [132]. Here, CSF1 is linked to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.