CCL2 and neoplasm: Interestingly, as previously proposed by Bowman et al., analysis of gene signatures revealed that more pro-inflammatory markers (e.g., CCL2, CCL4, TNF, IL6R, and IL1A/B) were expressed in the tumor periphery, whereas anti-inflammatory marker (e.g., IL1RN and TGFBI) were enriched in the tumor core (67, 112).