The authors hypothesized that neutrophils initiate the protective accumulation of mononuclear cells within CNS by first contributing to BBB disruption and then by secreting chemokines including CCL3, CCL4, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 [25], some of which have actually been detected in TBE CSF [13, 49]. Here, CCL3 is linked to tick-borne encephalitis.