VDR and inflammatory bowel disease: Consequently, there are several possible therapeutic strategies for IBD treatment related to VDR: (1) the administration of bacterial products, such as butyrate which has been shown to increase the expression of VDR and suppress inflammatory responses in a colitis animal model; (2) enhancing intestinal VDR expression which enhances the induction of AMPs to kill pathogenic microbes; and (3) fecal transplantation which helps to rebuild up the intestinal microbial homeostasis and fight against pathogens.