IL1B and infection: The detrimental effects of IL-1β on cognition were later confirmed using transgenic mice expressing the cytokine in an inducible manner (Hein et al., 2010) or upon endogenous IL-1β elevations evoked by infections (Gibertini et al., 1995; Barrientos et al., 2006; Chen et al., 2008), with the memory deficits being prevented, in the latter case, by intraventricular infusion of the naturally occurring interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra; Goshen et al., 2007; Barrientos et al., 2009; Frank et al., 2010).