Further studies conducted on the CNS have subsequently demonstrated that high levels of IL-1β, as occurring in neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis and epilepsy, lead to an E/I imbalance, which might be responsible for – or contribute to – cognitive impairment (Vezzani et al., 2008; Rossi et al., 2012; Iori et al., 2016). Here, IL1B is linked to epilepsy.