High expression levels of GPC-1 have been associated with an aggressive phenotype in some malignancies, for example, high tumour expression of GPC-1 was associated with poor prognosis in patients with oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and in another study, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) [17, 18]. Here, GPC1 is linked to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.