Epicatechin supplementation did not change FMD significantly (1.1% absolute; 95% CI: -0.1%, 2.3%; P = 0.07), but findings from that study suggested that epicatechin may, in part, contribute to the cardio-protective effects of cocoa by lowering sE-selectin, a leukocyte adhesion molecule and marker of endothelial function, and by improving fasting insulin and insulin resistance. This evidence concerns the gene INS and Insulin resistance.