B4GALT1 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Our results indicate an altered distribution of complex glycosphingolipids in type 1 diabetes, with increased expression of the galactosyltransferase, B3GALT5 (which encodes β-1,3-galactosyltransferase 5) (35%, p = 0.002), whereas B3GALT4 (encoding β-1,3-galactosyltransferase 4) and B4GALT1 (β-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1) were downregulated (by 39%, p = 0.01 and 34%, p = 0.02, respectively).