Interestingly, monocyte/macrophage responses depend a lot on the causative agent of COPD as exemplified in a diesel exhaust particle-induced study where monocytes exhibited less CXCL8 and phagocytic responses due to dampened CD11b, CD14, and CD86 surface expression [252], while they overexpress CCR2 in smokers [253]. Here, CD14 is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.