KRAS and neoplasm: It is interesting to note that pharmacological inhibition of the protein kinase cascade pathway known as the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinases (MAPK/ERK), one of the other well-established mediators of K-Ras-dependent cancer progression, remains ineffective in reducing the tumor burden in K-Ras-mutant cancers (Hayes et al., 2016).