Particularly, antibodies blocking cell surface immune system inhibitory receptors, such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death-1 and its ligand-1 (PD-1)/(PD-L1), referred to as “immune checkpoints”, have been approved for many cancer types including melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), urothelial cancer and Hodgkin’s Lymphoma11–17. Here, PDCD1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.