PML NBs have been linked to many viral infections, including cytomegalovirus (CMV) (40, –, 48), herpesviruses, adenoviruses, and papovaviruses (33, –, 35), hepatitis delta virus (49, –, 51), and HBV (52, –, 59), and HBV Cp and polymerase have been reported to interact with PML NBs during infection (58, 59). This evidence concerns the gene PML and viral infectious disease.