The ongoing Cardiovascular and Renal Microvascular Outcome study with Linagliptin in patients with T2DM (CARMELINA), which is powered to evaluate kidney outcomes and renoprotective effects of this inhibitor, should begin to fill in a gap in our knowledge regarding the efficacy of DPP-4 inhibitors in T2DM patients with CKD with our without CVD [130]. Here, DPP4 is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.