To our interest, after 48 hours exposure to either of the three cancer cell lines, the expressions of PDL1 (p = 0.001), PDL2 (p = 0.003), VCAM-1 (p = 0.003), and CD206 (p = 0.003) on monocytes were significantly upregulated (Fig 3A and 3B). Here, VCAM1 is linked to cancer.