MAOA and panic disorder: Our data provided evidence that these proteins recognised the proximal MAOA promoter encompassing the uVNTR and more importantly a distinct pattern of binding was observed over each individual allele which was modulated both by genotype of the uVNTR and exposure of the cells to sodium valproate, Figure 4C. This data was consistent with a role for gender in regulation of MAOA expression via epigenetic mechanisms, for example, the gender‐specific changes of methylation in a longitudinal study of twins21 and hypomethylation in the pathogenesis of panic disorder particularly in female patients.22