Discovery that Ancoracysta has four Ccm proteins and also has HCCS more directly confirms the idea that ancestral neokaryotes had both HCC and multiprotein lyases and that the α-proteobacterial Ccms were differentially lost independently in different neokaryote lineages (Cavalier-Smith 2010a). The gene discussed is HCCS; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.