The role for CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in the infiltration of extramedullary sites, which commonly express significant levels of CXCL12 is supported by the correlation between high-surface CXCR4 expression by ALL cells (including T-ALL cells) and infiltration of extramedullary organs such as spleen and liver (72). Here, CXCL12 is linked to acute lymphoblastic leukemia.