Along the same lines, apolipoprotein B, which we found upregulated in CVD, is widely considered as a major causal agent of atherosclerosis, is a structural component of plasma lipoproteins [i.e. chylomicron remnants, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), intermediate-density lipoprotein, LDL, and lipoprotein(a)] and mediates cholesterol transport and removal in vascular wall [41]. The gene discussed is APOB; the disease is atherosclerosis.