Finally, in a study of intraoperative and postoperative pancreatic juice samples, a subgroup of 11 surgically-treated patients (9 with PC and 2 with non-malignant neoplasm) showed a higher expression of the biomarkers carboxypeptidase A5 (CPA5), inactive LIPRP1 and kallikrein 1 (KLK1) in those with non-malignant disease and a higher expression of hemoglobin subunit delta HBD and transthyretin (TTR) in those with PC. This evidence concerns the gene CPA5 and pachyonychia congenita.