In HIV-1 infection, female plasmacytoid dendritic cells produced higher levels of IFNα after TLR7 stimulation than males and also had enhanced expression levels of all 13 IFNα subtypes and IFNβ following stimulation of TLR7 on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) (183). Here, IFNA1 is linked to HIV-1 infection.