CCL4 and infection: Regarding the chemokines, diverse studies in humans and mice have indicated that CXCL1, CXCL9, CXCL10, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5 are important in controlling the infection during the acute phase (Aliberti et al., 1999; Hardison et al., 2006; Cunha-Neto et al., 2009; Paiva et al., 2009), and the levels of virtually all of them were increased in both BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice.