TNF and trichinosis: As shown in Figures 3A–L, Trichinella spiralis infection markedly enhanced the levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17, and ICAM-1, P < 0.01) but remarkably reduced the level of anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) in colon, compared with control group (P < 0.01).