HIF1A and cancer: Moreover, Cacace et al., demonstrated that, while glutamine deprivation led to a reduction in glycolysis through downregulation of HIF-1α, activation of HIF-1α by dimethyl-2-oxoglutarate (DM-2-oxoglutarate) did not restore cell proliferation in cancer cells deprived of glutamine, indicating that the anti-proliferative effect occurs as a reaction to the absence of extracellular glutamine [86].