However, despite the promising in vitro and in vivo data produced over the past two decades, further refinement in cell-specific knockout models and pathway analyses, permitting the study of VDR in HSCs, KCs, endothelial cells, as well as infiltrating immune cells, will hopefully shed additional light on the molecular topology of VDR signalling in the spectrum of liver diseases (Figure 2). This evidence concerns the gene TBCE and liver disorder.