Pre-clinical (Wei et al., 2017) and clinical (Hammers et al., 2017, Hellmann et al., 2017, Wolchok et al., 2017) studies have identified non-redundant effects of CTLA-4 and PD-1 signaling and synergistic anti-tumor responses (Curran et al., 2010). This evidence concerns the gene CTLA4 and neoplasm.